The purpose of present study was to compare and examine the degree of aggression among divorced and not divorced children. The basic assuption was that the rate of aggression among divorced children was higher than the other ones. The method of research was causal- Comparative.40 subjects were chosen randomly. All the children from 6 to 9 years old in Sanandaj city. To determine the rate of aggression, Eysenck children personality questionnaire was given to them. In order to analyze the data, independent T test was used. The result showed that the rate of aggression in divorced children was higher than the not divorced ones. There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of their aggression. However, there was no significant difference between those children living with their mothers and those living with their fathers...

This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

After performance of successful program for control and treatment of acute gastroenteritis, acute respiratory infections (ARI) especially pneumonia, are the most important infectious etiology of children’s mortality in developing countries nowadays.Diagnosis of pneumoma is made on clinical grounds it is based on four sets of data including Clinic, epidemiology, Radiology and routine laboratory tests. Then, pneumonia itself can be divided to three categories including bacterial, viral and atypical pneumonia. Each type of pneumonia is treated after possible diagnosis with its criteria. Correct and accurate knowledge of physicians of diagnosis and therapy of this important disease in children could prevent unnecessary costs and decrease its morbidity and mortality.

Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorder. Dysfunction in executive functions is core symptom of ADHD. The aim of this study is to compare the sustained attention in children with ADHD and typical children. The research design of this study was ex post facto. The participants were 71 children with ADHD and 78 normal children selected by convenience sampling method. The sustained attention performance were assessed by attention registration. Data in this study were analyzed by independent t-test and factorial analysis of variance. Findings indicate that significant differences between the ADHD group and normal group in sustained attention (p>0/0001). According to study results children with ADHD in sustained attention had weaker performance than normal.

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is used to describe a particular type of attention deficit, concentration, and slowness in information processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) of the parent form among Iranian children. The present study is a descriptive study. A sample of 1700 people was selected from the provinces of Tehran, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Fars and Khorasan using cluster sampling method. 122 subjects were excluded from statistical analysis due to incomplete answers to the questionnaires and thus the final sample was reduced to 1578 parents. The confirmatory factor analysis method and internal consistency were used to compute the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Also, in order to examine the construct validity of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale, we computed correlations between different dimensions of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale with Attention Deficit Subscale of Mental Health Assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. The results of statistical results showed that this scale has structural validity, criterion and convergence in Iranian society. The results indicate that the scale is three factors and also the validity of the scale using Cronbach's alpha method and retest test after Approved two weeks. According to the findings of the present study, the parent form of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) has a good validity and reliability and it can be used in research related to slow cognitive multiplication in Iranian society.

Background: Diarrhoeal diseases remain one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in most developing countries, with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Typical and atypical EPEC strains differ in several characteristics. Typical EPEC, a leading cause of infantile diarrhea in developing countries, is rare in industrialized countries, where atypical EPEC seems to be a more important cause of diarrhea. Typical and atypical EPEC also differ in genetic characteristics, serotypes, and virulence properties. The aim of study was survey of prevalence of typical and atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli obtained from children with diarrhea.Methods: In the present study, we collected 272 stool samples related to children with diarrhea that were referred to Division of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. E.coli isolates, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates, were identified by using standard microbiological and biochemical tests. Subsequently, for identification of atypical and typical EPEC was survey of presence of eae and stx and bfp A genes by PCR method.Findings: Out of 272 samples, 156 isolates were identified as E.coli. 10 isolates identified as EPEC each of them was atypical.Conclusion: High prevalence EPEC in children is a threat to children in our country. The previous research has shown that atypical EPEC, a leading cause of infantile diarrhea, is more in industrialized countries but in present study, all EPEC were atypical.

Background and Aim: Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) strains have been implicated as causative agents of acute, chronic and persistent diarrhea in children. EAEC have special aggregative adherence pattern for HEp-2 or HeLa cells. PCR methods based on the presence of essential virulence factors would facilitate the diagnosis of EAEC strains. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of the PCR assay targeting the pCVD432gene for the detection of EAEC strains and the presence of aggR, agg, aafA, aap and astA genes which can be used for the differentiation of typical and atypical EAEC strains.Materials and Methods: One hundred and forty faecal samples were collected from children of less than 12 years of age with diarrhea at the Besat Hospital, in Hamadan, between July 2007 and May 2008. The faecal samples were plated onto MacConkey agar and incubated at 37oC for 18 hours. E.coli colonies were identified by biochemical tests. EAEC strains were identified by ues of pCVD432 primer which is specific for EAEC strains. Then their virulence factors were evaluated by use of specific primers of aggR, aggA, aafA, aap and astA genes.Results: Strains of E. coli harboring the pCVD432 gene were found in the faecal samples from 15 (10.8%) patients. The aggR gene was present in 11 (73.3) strains. The aggA gene was found in 3 isolates and 4 strains had the aafA gene. The aap and astA genes were found in 9 and 7 strains, respectively. Several different combinations of the genetic markers were found among the EAEC strains. The most prevalent combinations were aggR/aap, found in 8 (53.3%) and aggR/aafA detected in 4 (26.7%) strains.Conclusions: The results of this study showed that EAEC strains were one of the most prevalent enteric pathogens in children in this region. The pCVD432 gene PCR assay is the most common method for detection of EAEC strains. Typical EAEC strains with aggR gene had a high prevalence in this region and considering the pattern of virulence factors, they were heterogenous.